generalized gather scatter using tuples
To run: mpiexec -np <n> CrystalRouterExample -r [reportrank] -t [num_tuples] -n [num_comms]
/*
 * This example will show one of the building blocks of parallel infrastructure in MOAB
 * More exactly, if we have some homogeneous data to communicate from each processor to a list of
 * other processors, how do we do it?
 *
 * introduce the TupleList and crystal router to MOAB users.
 *
 * This technology is used in resolving shared vertices / sets between partitions
 * It is used in the mbcoupler for sending data (target points) to the proper processor, and
 * communicate back the results. Also, it is used to communicate departure mesh for intersection in
 * parallel
 *
 *  It is a way of doing  MPI_gatheralltoallv(), when the communication matrix is sparse
 *
 *  It is assumed that every proc needs to communicate only with a few of the other processors.
 *  If every processor needs to communicate with all other, then we will have to use paired isend
 * and irecv, the communication matrix is full
 *
 *  the example needs to be launched in parallel.
 *  Every proc will build a list of tuples, that will be send to a few procs;
 *  In general, we will send to num_comms tasks, and about num_tuples to each task
 *  We vary num_comms and num_tuples for processor
 *
 *  we will send long ints of the form
 *    100000 * send + 1000* rank +j, where j is the index of tuple
 *
 *  after routing, we verify we received
 *    100000 * rank + 1000 * from
 *
 *    For some reportrank we also print the tuples.
 *
 *  after routing, we will see if we received, as expected. Should run on at least 2 processors.
 *
 * Note: We do not need a moab instance for this example
 *
 */

/** @example CrystalRouterExample.cpp \n
 * \brief generalized gather scatter using tuples \n
 * <b>To run</b>: mpiexec -np <n> CrystalRouterExample -r [reportrank] -t [num_tuples] -n
 * [num_comms] \n
 *
 */
//
#include "moab/MOABConfig.h"
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
#include "moab/ProcConfig.hpp"
#endif
#include "moab/TupleList.hpp"
#include "moab/ProgOptions.hpp"
#include "moab/ErrorHandler.hpp"
#include <ctime>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>

const char BRIEF_DESC[] = "Example of gather scatter with tuple lists \n";
std::ostringstream LONG_DESC;

using namespace moab;
using namespace std;

int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
#ifdef MOAB_HAVE_MPI
    MPI_Init( &argc, &argv );

    // Initialize error handler, required for this example (not using a moab instance)
    MBErrorHandler_Init();

    ProcConfig pc( MPI_COMM_WORLD );
    int size = pc.proc_size();
    int rank = pc.proc_rank();

    // Start copy
    LONG_DESC << "This program does a gather scatter with a list of tuples. \n"
                 " It tries to see how much communication costs in terms of time and memory. \n"
              << "It starts with creating a list of tuples to be sent from each processor, \n to a "
                 "list of other processors.\n"
              << "The number of tuples and how many tasks to communicate to are controlled by "
                 "input parameters.\n"
              << "After communication, we verify locally if we received what we expected. \n";
    ProgOptions opts( LONG_DESC.str(), BRIEF_DESC );

    // How many procs communicate to current proc, on average (we will vary that too)
    int num_comms = 2;
    opts.addOpt< int >( "num_comms,n", "each task will send to about num_comms other tasks some tuples (default 2)",
                        &num_comms );

    int num_tuples = 4;
    opts.addOpt< int >( "num_tuples,t", "each task will send to some task about num_tuples tuples (default 4)",
                        &num_tuples );

    int reportrank = size + 1;
    opts.addOpt< int >( "reporting_rank,r",
                        "this rank will report the tuples sent and the tuples received; it could "
                        "be higher than num_procs, then no reporting",
                        &reportrank );

    opts.parseCommandLine( argc, argv );

    if( rank == reportrank || ( reportrank >= size && 0 == rank ) )
    {
        cout << " There are " << size << " tasks in example.\n";
        cout << " We will send groups of " << num_tuples << " from each task towards " << num_comms
             << " other tasks.\n";
    }

    // Send some data from proc i to i + n/2, also to i + n/2 + 1 modulo n, where n is num procs

    gs_data::crystal_data* cd = pc.crystal_router();

    long total_n_tuples = num_comms * num_tuples;

    // Vary the number of tasks to send to, and the number of tuples to send
    if( rank < size / 2 )
        num_comms--;
    else
        num_comms++;

    if( rank < size / 3 )
        num_tuples *= 2;
    else if( rank > size - size / 3 )
        num_tuples /= 2;

    TupleList tl;
    // At most num_tuples* num_comms to send
    // We do a preallocate with this; some tuples on some processors might need more memory, to be
    // able to grow locally; Some tasks might receive more tuples though, and in the process, some
    // might grow more than others. By doing these logP sends/receives, we do not grow local memory
    // too much.
    tl.initialize( 1, 1, 0, 1, num_tuples * num_comms );
    tl.enableWriteAccess();
    // Form num_tuples*num_comms tuples, send to various ranks
    unsigned int n = tl.get_n();
    for( int i = 0; i < num_comms; i++ )
    {
        int sendTo     = rank + i * size / 2 + 1;  // Spread out the send to, for a stress-like test
        sendTo         = sendTo % size;            //
        long intToSend = 1000 * rank + 100000 * sendTo;
        for( int j = 0; j < num_tuples; j++ )
        {
            n           = tl.get_n();
            tl.vi_wr[n] = sendTo;
            tl.vl_wr[n] = intToSend + j;
            tl.vr_wr[n] = 10000. * rank + j;
            tl.inc_n();
        }
    }

    if( rank == reportrank )
    {
        cout << "rank " << rank << "\n";
        tl.print( " before sending" );
    }

    clock_t tt = clock();
    // All communication happens here; no mpi calls for the user
    ErrorCode rval = cd->gs_transfer( 1, tl, 0 );MB_CHK_SET_ERR( rval, "Error in tuple transfer" );

    double secs = 0;
    if( rank == reportrank || ( reportrank >= size && 0 == rank ) )
    {
        secs = ( clock() - tt ) / (double)CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    }
    if( rank == reportrank )
    {
        cout << "rank " << rank << "\n";
        tl.print( " after transfer" );
    }

    // Check that all tuples received have the form 10000*rank + 100*from
    unsigned int received = tl.get_n();
    for( int i = 0; i < (int)received; i++ )
    {
        int from      = tl.vi_rd[i];
        long valrec   = tl.vl_rd[i];
        int remainder = valrec - 100000 * rank - 1000 * from;
        if( remainder < 0 || remainder >= num_tuples * 4 )
            cout << " error: tuple " << i << " received at proc rank " << rank << " from proc " << from << " has value "
                 << valrec << " remainder " << remainder << "\n";
    }

    if( rank == reportrank || ( reportrank >= size && 0 == rank ) )
    {
        cout << "communication of about " << total_n_tuples << " tuples/per proc took " << secs << " seconds"
             << "\n";
        tt = clock();
    }

    // Finalize error handler, required for this example (not using a moab instance)
    MBErrorHandler_Finalize();

    MPI_Finalize();
#else
    std::cout << " Build with MPI for this example to work\n";
#endif

    return 0;
}